Indiscriminate firings. Terminated grants. Cancelled programmes. The barrage of actions by US President Donald Trump has shocked the country’s research community over the past two months. Yet, much of it was planned out years in advance and laid out publicly.

‘Scientists will not be silenced’: thousands protest Trump research cuts

The Heritage Foundation, a right-wing think-tank based in Washington DC, released Project 2025, a policy guidebook and staffing list, in April 2023, as a blueprint for what it hoped would be a second Trump presidency. Trump, however, disavowed the initiative during his 2024 presidential campaign, saying that he had no knowledge of it, after there was public backlash over the publication’s sweeping Republican policy proposals, such as banning abortion, overhauling the federal government and slashing funding for climate science.

But Trump and his administration have closely hewed to Project 2025’s agenda, detailed in a sprawling, 922-page book, passing executive orders to defund climate initiatives and target diversity programmes. The Wall Street Journal found that more than half of Trump’s executive orders (EOs) align with Project 2025 recommendations. And most of its 40 listed authors are now key figures on Trump’s team.

The Heritage Foundation did not respond to Nature’s request for comment. Taylor Rodgers, a White House spokesperson, said: “No one cared about Project 2025 when they elected president Trump in November 2024, and they don’t care now. President Trump is implementing the America First agenda he campaigned on to free up wasteful DEI [diversity, equity and inclusion] spending for cutting-edge scientific research, roll back radical climate regulations and restore America’s energy dominance.” But policy watchers expect that the president’s upcoming budget request to the US government will contain massive cuts to science agencies.

Here, Nature examines science-related policies from Project 2025 that have already come to pass, and which ones might be on the horizon.

Has Trump ever followed the think-tank’s advice before?

The Heritage Foundation has been publishing policy recommendations since 1981, often timing them for a new presidency. At the start of Trump’s first term in 2017, the foundation listed hundreds of priorities, such as opening up sites for off-shore oil drilling. According to the foundation, after a year in office, Trump had followed through on 64% of them.

Compared with previous guidebooks, Project 2025 advises more-extreme actions. For instance, whereas the 2017 version advised the president to “rein in the administrative state”, Project 2025 advocates that the president “dismantle the administrative state”, which employs more than two million federal workers. And its proposals don’t apply only to the federal government: Project 2025 also aims to reform the US education system, including universities. The goal, its authors write, is to “defang and defund the woke culture warriors who have infiltrated every last institution in America”.

Which policies from the project has the Trump team implemented so far?

Project 2025 notes that the US president has sole authority over the US executive branch, which includes many science agencies, and encourages the president to exercise it. Trump has so far followed this philosophy, using EOs to accomplish his wishlist. (EOs direct the US government to take action but cannot contravene laws.) Many are being challenged by lawsuits.

Here are some of the science-related recommendations that have already been implemented:

Anti-diversity efforts

“Unwinding policies and procedures that are used to advance radical gender, racial, and equity initiatives under the banner of science.” page 60

Trump signed an EO ending “DEI programs” on 20 January. In response, agencies such as the US National Science Foundation (NSF), a key funder of basic science, paused and reviewed grants for violations of Trump’s orders; the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), the world’s largest funder of biomedical research, has terminated grants related to diversity. DEI offices at numerous agencies have also been shuttered.

Defunding climate science and green energy

“The Biden [Trump’s predecessor] Administration’s climate fanaticism will need a whole-of-government unwinding.” page 60

As he did during his first presidency, Trump has started the process to withdraw the United States from the 2015 Paris climate agreement, which commits nations to reducing their greenhouse-gas emissions. He also signed an EO targeting energy regulations. The US Environmental Protection Agency has since put forward a plan to roll back dozens of regulations on fossil fuels that protect against pollution.

Cutting funds to universities

“Congress should cap the indirect cost rate paid to universities.” page 355

The NIH, under the Trump team’s orders, but without the approval of Congress, issued a notice on 7 February that it would cut the indirect cost rate paid to universities for things such as electricity and equipment maintenance to 15%. This would have slashed billions from university budgets. A federal judge has halted the policy from taking effect.

Downsizing government

“Permanent and substantive reductions in the number of nondefense federal employees.” page 78

Russell Vought, an author of Project 2025 and now director of the US Office of Management and Budget (OMB), has ordered mass ‘reductions in force’ at agencies. NASA has already closed offices, including its Office of the Chief Scientist, and fired more than 20 workers. Other agencies are preparing plans: reports indicate that the NIH will cut 1,200 people — about 6% — from its staff.

Which proposed science policies from Project 2025 might be on the horizon?

Project 2025 contains hundreds of recommendations, and many have not been implemented, although there are signs that the Trump administration is considering them. Here are some of those:

Fetal-tissue research